Behaviorally anchored ratios scale: It is an absolute assessment technique wherein critical incidents are identified and a range of performance possibilities (from poor to good) are described for each dimension.

Contrast error: Tendency to rate people relative to other people rather than to performance' standards,

Rater bias: Error that occurs when a rater's values or prejudices distort the rating.

Halo effect: Bias which occurs when the rater's personal opinion of a specific trait of employee influences the rater's overall assessment of performance.

Performance appraisal: A systematic and objective way of evaluating both work related behavior and potential of employees.

Behavior modelling: An approach that demonstrates desired behavior and gives trainees the chance to practice and role-play those behaviors and receive feedback.

Understudy: A development method whereby potential managers are given the chance to temporarily relieve an experienced manager of part of his job and act as his substitute during the period, giving him vital insights into the overall job that would make him the automatic choice in the succession process.

Programmed learning: A kind of individual study where trainees learn through a series of small steps, e.g., Linear programming.

Simulation method: It is a method employed to develop a situation that is close to reality where people learn by doing things — in a controlled environment.

Management game: It is a learning exercise representing a real-life situation where trainees compete with each other to achieve specific objectives.

Executive development: The process in which executives acquire not only skills and competence in their present jobs but also capabilities for future managerial tasks of increasing difficulty and scope.

Person analysis: Assessment of employee performance and the knowledge and skill necessary to reach that level of performance.

In-basket: A method where the trainee is required to examine a basket full of papers and files relating to his area and make recommendations on problems contained therein.

Task analysis: Process of determining what the content of a training programme should be on the basis of a study of the tasks and duties involved in the job.

Case: An in-depth description of a particular situation an employee might encounter on the job.